dato sreseli

cristmas tree

dato_bear — Wed, 29 Dec 2010 11:27:39 GMT

Christmas tree

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Christmas tree (disambiguation).

A lit up Christmas Tree with ornaments ^[1]

The Christmas tree, also known as a Yule tree, is a decorated evergreen coniferous tree, real or artificial, and a tradition associated with the celebration of Christmas. The tradition of decorating an evergreen tree at Christmas started in Livonia andGermany in the 16th century.^[2]^[3] The Christmas tree is traditionally brought into the home and decorated with Christmas lights (originally candles), ornaments, garlands,tinsel, and candy canes during the days around Christmas. An angel or star is placed at the top of the tree, representing the host of angels or the Star of Bethlehem from the Nativity.

[edit]History

[edit]Origin

The origin of the Christmas tree is obscured by uncertainties of oral histories of pre-literate European and Asian cultures. For example, according to Christian lore, the Christmas tree is associated with St. Boniface and the German town of Geismar. Sometime in St. Boniface's lifetime (c. 672–754) he cut down the tree of Thor in order to disprove the legitimacy of the Norse gods to the local German tribe. St. Boniface saw a fir tree growing in the roots of the old oak.

The custom of erecting a Christmas Tree can be historically traced to 15th century Livonia (present-day Estonia and Latvia) and 16th century Northern Germany. According to the first documented uses of a Christmas tree in Estonia, in 1441, 1442, and 1514 the Brotherhood of Blackheads erected a tree for the holidays in their brotherhood house in Reval (now Tallinn). At the last night of the celebrations leading up to the holidays, the tree was taken to the Town Hall Square where the members of the brotherhood danced around it.^[4] In 1584, the pastor and chronicler Balthasar Russow wrote of an established tradition of setting up a decorated spruce at the market square where the young men "went with a flock of maidens and women, first sang and danced there and then set the tree aflame”.^[2] In that period, the guilds started erecting Christmas trees in front of their guildhalls: Ingeborg Weber-Kellermann (Marburg professor of European ethnology) found a Bremen guild chronicle of 1570 which reports how a small tree was decorated with "apples, nuts, dates, pretzels and paper flowers" and erected in the guild-house, for the benefit of the guild members' children, who collected the dainties on Christmas Day.^[3]

[edit]

Pen(kalami)

dato_bear — Wed, 29 Dec 2010 11:24:10 GMT

A fountain pen

A marker, or felt-tip pen, has a porous tip of fibrous material. The smallest, finest-tipped markers are used for writing on paper. Medium-tip markers are often used by children for coloring. Larger markers are used for writing on other surfaces such as corrugated boxes,whiteboards and for chalkboards, often called "liquid chalk" or "chalkboard markers." Markers with wide tips and bright but transparent ink, called highlighters, are used to mark existing text. Markers designed for children or for temporary writing (as with a whiteboard or overhead projector) typically use non-permanent inks. Large markers used to label shipping cases or other packages are usually permanent markers.
A rollerball pen dispenses a water-based liquid or gel ink through a ball tip similar to that of a ballpoint pen. The less-viscous ink is more easily absorbed by paper than oil-based ink, and the pen moves more easily across a writing surface. The rollerball pen was initially designed to combine the convenience of a ballpoint pen with the smooth "wet ink" effect of a fountain pen. Gel inks are available in a range of colors, including metallic paint colors and glitter effects.

[edit]Historic types

These historic types of pens are no longer in common use:

A dip pen (or nib pen) consists of a metal nib with capillary channels, like that of a fountain pen, mounted on a handle or holder, often made of wood. A dip pen usually has no ink reservoir and must be repeatedly recharged with ink while drawing orwriting. The dip pen has certain advantages over a fountain pen. It can use waterproof pigmented (particle-and-binder-based) inks, such as so-called India ink, drawing ink, or acrylic inks, which would destroy a fountain pen by clogging, as well as the traditional iron gall ink, which can cause corrosion in a fountain pen. Dip pens are now mainly used in illustration, calligraphy, and comics (notably manga).
The ink brush is the traditional writing implement in East Asian calligraphy. The body of the brush can be made from either bamboo, or rarer materials such as red sandalwood, glass, ivory, silver, and gold. The head of the brush can be made from the hair (or feathers) of a wide variety of animals, including the weasel, rabbit, deer, chicken, duck, goat, pig, tiger, etc. There is also a tradition in both China and Japan of making a brush using the hair of a newborn, as a once-in-a-lifetime souvenir for the child. This practice is associated with the legend of an ancient Chinese scholar who scored first in the Imperial examinations by using such a personalized brush. Calligraphy brushes are widely considered an extension of the calligrapher's arm. Today, calligraphy may also be done using a pen, but pen calligraphy does not enjoy the same prestige as traditional brush calligraphy.
A quill is a pen made from a flight feather of a large bird, most often a goose. Quills were used as instruments for writing with ink before the metal dip pen, the fountain pen, and eventually the ballpoint pen came into use. The shaft of the feather acts as an ink reservoir, and ink flows to the tip by capillary action. Quill pens were used in medieval times to write on parchment or paper. The quill eventually replaced the reed pen.
A reed pen is cut from a reed or bamboo, with a slit in a narrow tip. Its mechanism is essentially similar to that of a quill. The reed pen has almost disappeared but it is still used by young school going students in some parts of Pakistan, who learn to write with them on small timber boards known as "Takhti". Popular belief has it that writing with a reed pen improves handwriting.

[edit]History

Ancient Indians were the first to use the pen. According to ancient text the earliest of pens made in India used bird feathers, bamboo sticks etc. The old literature of Puranas, Ramayana and Mahabharta used this kind of pen roughly 500 BC.^{[citation needed]} Ancient Egyptians had developed writing on papyrus scrolls when scribes used thin reed brushes or reed pens from the Juncus Maritimus or sea rush.^[2] In his bookA History of Writing, Steven Roger Fischer suggests that on the basis of finds at Saqqara, the reed pen might well have been used for writing on parchment as long ago as the First Dynasty or about 3000 BC. Reed pens continued to be used until the Middle Ages although they were slowly replaced by quills from about the 7th century. The reed pen, generally made from bamboo, is still used in some parts of Pakistan by young students and is used to write on small boards made of timber.^{[citation needed]}

The Quill pen was used in Qumran, Judea to write some of the Dead Sea Scrolls, which date back to around 100 BC. The scrolls were written in Hebrew dialects with bird feathers or quills. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europeans had difficulty in obtaining reeds^{[citation needed]}and began to use quills. There is a specific reference to quills in the writings of St. Isidore of Seville in the 7th century.^[3] Quill pens were still widely used in the 18th century, and were used to write and sign the Constitution of the United States of America in 1787.

A copper nib was found in the ruins of Pompei showing that metal nibs were used in the year 79.^[4] There is also a reference in Samuel Pepys' diary for August 1663. A metal pen point was patented in 1803 but the patent was not commercially exploited. John Mitchell ofBirmingham started to mass produce pens with metal nibs in 1822,^[5] and thereafter the quality of steel nibs had improved enough that dip pens with metal nibs came into generalized use.

M. Klein and Henry W. Wynne received US patent #68445 in 1867 for an ink chamber and delivery system in the handle of the fountain pen.

The earliest historical record of a pen employing a reservoir dates back to the 10th century. In 953,Ma'ād al-Mu'izz, the Fatimid Caliph of Egypt, demanded a pen which would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen which held ink in a reservoir and delivered it to the nib.^[6] This pen may have been a fountain pen, but its mechanism remains unknown, and only one record mentioning it has been found. A later reservoir pen was developed in 1636. In his Deliciae Physico-Mathematicae (1636), German inventor Daniel Schwenter described a pen made from two quills. One quill served as a reservoir for ink inside the other quill. The ink was sealed inside the quill withcork. Ink was squeezed through a small hole to the writing point. In 1809, Bartholomew Folsch received a patent in England for a pen with an ink reservoir.^[7]

While a student in Paris, Romanian Petrache Poenaru invented the fountain pen, which the French Government patented in May 1827. Fountain pen patents and production then increased in the 1850s, especially steel pens produced by John Mitchell.

Waterman pen and fountain pens made for Air France’s Concorde

The first patent on a ballpoint pen was issued on October 30, 1888, to John J Loud.^[8] In 1938, László Bíró, a Hungarian newspaper editor, with the help of his brother George, a chemist, began to work on designing new types of pens including one with a tiny ball in its tip that was free to turn in a socket. As the pen moved along the paper, the ball rotated, picking up ink from the ink cartridge and leaving it on the paper. Bíró filed a British patent on June 15, 1938. In 1940 the Bíró brothers and a friend, Juan Jorge Meyne, moved to Argentinafleeing Nazi Germany and on June 10, filed another patent, and formed Bíró Pens of Argentina. By the summer of 1943 the first commercial models were available.^[9] Erasable ballpoint pens were introduced by Papermate in 1979 when the Erasermate was put on the market.^[10]

Modern marker pens

"Zagreb Pencil Factory".

happy new year and mery crismas

dato_bear — Wed, 29 Dec 2010 11:18:06 GMT

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Happy new year)

Happy New Year redirects here. For other meanings see Happy New Year (disambiguation).

Holiday greetings are a selection of greetings that are often spoken with good intentions to strangers, family, or friends, in nations around the world, during the months of December and January.

Holidays with greetings include Christmas, New Year's Day, Chinese New Year, Thanksgiving (United States), and Hanukkah. Some greetings are more prevalent than others, depending on the cultural and religious status of any given area.

Typically, a greeting consists of the word "Happy" followed by the holiday, such as "Happy Hanukkah" or "Happy New Year", although the phrase "Merry Christmas" is a notable exception.

In the United States, the collective phrase "Happy Holidays" is often used as a generic cover-all greeting for all of the Winter holidays, Thanksgiving, Christmas Day, New Year's Day, Hanukkah, and Kwanzaa.

[hide]

[edit]Merry/Happy Christmas

A Christmas cake with a "Merry Christmas" greeting.

The greetings and farewells "Merry Christmas" and "Happy Christmas" are traditionally used in North America, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia, commencing a few weeks prior to Christmas (December 25) of every year.

The phrase is often preferred when it is known that the receiver is a Christian or celebrates Christmas. The nonreligious often use the greeting as well, however in this case its meaning focuses more on the secular aspects of Christmas, rather than the Nativity of Jesus.

Its meanings and variations are:

As "Merry Christmas," the traditionally used greeting for those from America and the UK, composed of merry (jolly, happy) and Christmas (Old English: Cristes mæsse, for Christ's Mass).
As "Merry Xmas," usually used to avoid the length of "Merry Christmas," with the "X" (sometimes controversially) replacing "Christ." (see Xmas) However, "X" is actually the Greek abbreviation for Christ, although this is not well known.
As "Happy Christmas," an equivalent that is commonly used in the United Kingdom and Ireland, as well as "Merry Christmas."

As of 2005, "Merry Christmas" remains popular among countries with large Christian populations, including, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, South Africa, Mexico, Philippines, and parts of Western Europe not affiliated with the Eastern Orthodox rites.

It remains popular in the largely non-Christian nations of People's Republic of China and Japan, where Christmas is celebrated primarily due to Western cultural influences. Though it has somewhat decreased in popularity in the United States and Canada over the past decades, polls from 2005 indicate that it remains more popular than "Happy Holidays" or other alternatives.^[1]

[edit]History of the phrase

A Christmas tree inside a home.

"Merry," derived from the Old English myrige, originally meant merely "pleasant, and agreeable" rather than joyous or jolly (as in the phrase "merry month of May").^[2]

Though Christmas has been observed since the 4th century AD, the first known usage of any Christmastime greeting, dates back to 1565, when it appeared in The Hereford Municipal Manuscript:"And thus I comytt you to God, who send you a mery Christmas."^[2] "Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year" (thus incorporating two greetings) was in an informal letter written by an English admiral in 1699. The same phrase is contained in the sixteenth century secular English carol "We Wish You a Merry Christmas," and the first commercial Christmas card, produced in England in 1843.

Also in 1843, Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol was published, during the mid Victorian revival of the holiday. The word Merry was then beginning to take on its current meaning of "jovial, cheerful, jolly and outgoing."^[2] "Merry Christmas" in this new context figured prominently in A Christmas Carol. The cynicalEbenezer Scrooge rudely deflects the friendly greeting: "If I could work my will.. every idiot who goes about with 'Merry Christmas' on his lips should be boiled with his own pudding."^[3] After the visit from the Ghosts of Christmas effects his transformation, Scrooge exclaims; "I am as merry as a school-boy. A merry Christmas to everybody!" and heartily exchanges the wish to all he meets.^[4] The instant popularity of A Christmas Carol, the Victorian era Christmas traditions it typifies, and the term's new meaning appearing in the book, Dickens' tale popularized the phrase "Merry Christmas."^[5]^[6]

The alternative "Happy Christmas" gained usage in the late 19th century, and is still common in the U.K. and Ireland alongside "Merry Christmas". One reason may be the Methodist Victorian middle-class influence in attempting to separate their construct of wholesome celebration of the Christmas season from that of common lower-class public insobriety and associated asocial behaviour, in a time where merry was also understood to mean "tipsy" or "drunk". Queen Elizabeth II is said to prefer "Happy Christmas" for this reason.^[2] In the American poet Clement Moore's "A Visit from St. Nicholas" (1823), the final line, originally written as "Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good night," has been changed in many later editions to "Merry Christmas to all," perhaps indicating the relative popularity of the phrases in the U.S.

[edit]Happy Holidays

For other meanings of "Happy Holidays", see Happy Holidays (disambiguation).

In the United States, "Happy Holidays" (along with the similarly generalized "Season's Greetings") has become the most common holiday greeting in the public sphere within the past decade,^{[citation needed]} such as department stores, public schools and greeting cards. Its use is generally confined to the period between United States Thanksgiving and New Year's. Commercial use of the term "Happy Holidays" dates back at least to the 1970s. Use of the term may have originated with the Irving Berlin song "Happy Holiday" (released in 1942 and included in the film White Christmas).

In the United States, it can have several variations and meanings:

As "Happy Holiday", an English translation of the Hebrew Hag Sameach greeting on Passover, Sukkot, and Shavuot.
As "Happy Holiday", a substitution for "Merry Christmas".
As "Happy Holidays", a collective and inclusive wish for the period encompassing Thanksgiving, Kwanzaa, Hanukkah, the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe, the Winter solstice, Christmas Day (The Nativity of the Lord),Boxing Day (St. Stephen's Day), the New Year and Epiphany.
As "Happy Holidays", a shortened form of the greeting "Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year."

Advocates claim that "Happy Holidays" is an 'inclusive' greeting that is not intended as an attack on Christianity or other religions, but is rather a response to the reality of a growing non-Christian population.

Critics of "Happy Holidays" generally claim it is a secular neologism. The greeting may be deemed materialistic, consumerist, atheistic, indifferentist, agnostic, politically correct, and/or anti-Christian. It may be associated with the "War on Christmas," with the intent of deliberately diminishing the centrality of Christianity and advancing secularism.^[7]

Some Christians, concerned that the 20th-century conflation of St. Nicholas Day (December 6), Christmas (December 25), and Epiphany(January 6) has subsumed the meaning of Christmas itself, have taken to using "Happy Holidays" and "Season's Greetings" throughout the season, reserving "Merry Christmas" for December 25.

[edit]

ქაუნთერის კოდები

dato_bear — Mon, 14 Jun 2010 07:39:58 GMT

85.117.32.210:27015
62.168.168.73:27016
88.210.244.25:27015
85.117.61.251:27015
80.241.249.82:27015
213.157.208.110:27015
78.139.146.179:27015
89.232.44.179:27015
89.232.44.179:27015
85.114.238.193:27015
89.232.20.142:27015
89.232.56.11:27015
89.232.36.215:27015
88.210.244.209:27015
88.210.236.97:27015
88.210.248.165:27015
62.168.172.80:27015
78.139.131.55:27015
88.210.216.149:27015
88.210.218.183:27015
85.117.57.101:27015
13.12.11.123:123456

tetri gtas codes.

dato_bear — Tue, 23 Feb 2010 13:36:35 GMT

thugstools-იარაღი

professionaltools-იარაღი

nuttertools-იარაღი

preciousprotection-ბრონი

aspirine-სიცოცხლე

youwonttakemealive-+2პოლიციის აკიდება

leavemealone-პოლიციის მოშორება

panzer-ტანკი

lifeispassingmeby-დროის აჩქარება

bigbang-მანქანების აფეთქება

stiLLLikedressingup-სკინის შეცვლა

fightfightfight-ქალაქში ჩხუბია

onspeed-აჩქარება

booooooring-შენელება

wheelsareallineed-უჩინარი მანქანები

comeflywithme-ფრენა

icanttakeitanymore-თავის მოკლვა

rockandrollcar-ლიმუზინი

rubbishcar-ნაგვის მანქანა

gettherefast-მანქანა

betterthanwalking-გოლფის მანქანა

deepfriedmarsbars-სქელი

programmer-გამხდარი

gettherequickly-დიდი მანქანა

getthereveryfastindeed-მანქანა

getthereamazinglyfast-მანქანა

fannymagnet-ქალების მაგნიტი

seaways-წყალზე სიარული

ahairdreserscar-მანქანები

hopingirl-ბანდებში ქალებია

gta san andreas codes

dato_bear — Tue, 23 Feb 2010 11:42:53 GMT

1. LXGIWYL - იარაღი
2. KJKSZPJ - იარაღი
3. UZUMYMW - იარაღი
4. HESOYAM - სიცოცხლე, ბრონი და 250 000$
5. OSRBLHH - ავწიოთ დონე
6. ASNAEB - მოხვსნათ დანაშაულის დონე
7. AFZLLQLL - მზიანი ამინდი
8. ICIKPYH - ძალიან მზიანი ამინდი
9. ALNSFMZO - ღრუბლიანი ამინდი
10. AUIFRVQS - წვიმიანი ამინდი
11. CFVFGMJ - სწრაფი დრო
12. YSOHNUL - სწრაფი თამაში
13. PPGVJHT - ნელი თამაში
14. LIYOAAY - ადამიანები ურტყავენ ერთმანეთს
15. AJLOJYQY - ბანდის წევრების გადამტერება
16. BAGOWPG - ყველა შეიარაღებულია
17. FOOOXFT - ტანკი
18. AIWPRTON - მანქანა
19. CQZJJMB - მანქანა
20. JQNTDMH - მანქანა
21. RDNEJON - მანქანა
22. VPJTQWV - მანქანა
23. AQTBCODX - მანქანა
24. KRIJEBR - მანქანა
25. UBHYZHO - მანქანა
26. RZHSUEW - მანქანა
27. CPKTNWT - მანქანა
28. XICWMD - ყველა მანქანის დაპყრობა
29. PGGOMOY - უჩინარი მანქანები
30. SZCMAWO - თვითმკვლელობა
31. ZEIIVG - შუქნიშანი ყოველთვის მწვანეა
32. YLTEICZ - აგრესიული მძღოლი
33. LLQPFBN - ვარდისფერი მანქანა
34. IOWDDAC - შავი მანქანა
35. AFSNMSMW - მფრინავი ნავები
36. BTCDBCB - მსუქანი კაცი
37. JYSDSOD - კაჩოკი
38. KVJYZQK - გამხდარი კაცი
39. ASBHGRB - ყველგან ელვის პრესლია
40. BGLUAWML - ხალხი შეტევაზე გადმოდის იარაღით
41. CIKGCGX - დღესასწაული
42. MROEMZH - ბანდის წევრებია ყველგან
43. BIFBUZZ - ქუჩების კონტროლი
44. AFPHULTL - ნინძა

46. BGKGTJH - ქუჩაში დადიან ბანძი მანქანები
47. GUSNHDE - ქუჩაში დადიან საყვარელი მანქანები
48. RIPAZHA - მანქანები დაფრინავენ
49. JHJOECW - HUGE DANNY HOP
50. JUMPJET - ბომბდამშენი თვითმფრინავი
51. KGGGDKP - ნახევრად კატერი, ნახევრად მანქანა
52. JCNRUAD -
53. COXEFGU - ნიტრო
54. BSXSGGC - მანქანები ფრენის დროს თავს არიდებენ შეჯახებას
55. XJVSNAJ - შუა ღამე
56. OFVIAC - მზე 21:00
57. MGHXYR - ქუხილი
58. CWJXUOC - ბურუსი
59. LFGMHAL - მეგა ხტომა
60. BAGUVIX -
61. CVWKXAM - განუსაზღვრელი ტურბო
62. AIYPWZOP - პარაშუტი
63. YECGAA - დელტაპლანი
64. AEZAKMI - პოლიციის სამუდამოდ მოშორება
65. LJSPOK - ყველა ვარსკვლავები
66. IAVENJO - მეგა დარტყმა
67. AEDUWNV - თქვენ არ იცით სიტყვა "მიზეზი"
68. IOIUFZN -
69. PRIEBI - სასაცილო სახლის თემა
70. MUNASEF - ნარკომანია
71. WANRLTW - ტყვიები არ გითავდება
72. OUIQDMW - მანქანის ტარების დრო იარაღის სროლა
73. THGLOJ - შემოკლებული მოძრაობა
74. SJMAHPE - მტერის გადმობირება (9 MM)
75. BMTPWHR - ყველა მანქანა და ხალხი სოფლელია
76. ZSOXFSQ - მტერის გადმობირება (Rockets)

79. VKYRQCF - ტაქსი მოიპოვებს ნიტროს
80. NCSGDAG - თქვენ საუკეთესო მსროლელი ხართ
81. VQIMAHA - თქვენ საუკეთესო მტარებელი ხართ
82. OHDUDE - ვერტალიოტი
83. AKJJYGLC - ბურანი
84. AMOMHRER - დიდი მანქანა
85. EEGCYXT - ტრაქტორი
86. URKQSRK - პატარა ვერტალიოტი
87. AGBDLCID - დიდ ბორბლებიანი ჯიპი

dato sreseli

cristmas tree

Christmas tree

Contents

[edit]History

[edit]Origin

[edit]

[edit]

Pen(kalami)

[edit]Historic types

[edit]History

happy new year and mery crismas

Contents

[edit]Merry/Happy Christmas

[edit]History of the phrase

[edit]Happy Holidays

[edit]

ქაუნთერის კოდები

tetri gtas codes.

gta san andreas codes